Showing 611 - 620 of 722 Items
Parity moderates the effect of delivery mode on maternal ratings of infant temperament
Date: 2021-08-01
Creator: Lea Takács
Samuel P. Putnam
František Bartoš
Pavel Cepický
Catherine, Monk
Access: Open access
- Objective Cesarean section (CS) rates are rising rapidly around the world but no conclusive evidence has been obtained about the possible short- and long-term effects of CS on child behavior. We evaluated prospectively the association between CS and infant temperament across the first 9 postpartum months, controlling for indications for CS and investigating parity and infant sex as moderators. Methods The sample consisted of mothers and their healthy infants. Infant temperament was measured using the Infant Characteristics Questionnaire completed by the mothers at 6 weeks (n = 452) and 9 months (n = 258) postpartum. Mode of birth was classified into spontaneous vaginal birth (n = 347 for 6 weeks sample; 197 for 9 months sample), CS planned for medical reasons (n = 55; 28) and emergency CS (n = 50; 33). Results Multiple regression analysis revealed no main effects of birth mode, but showed a significant interaction between birth mode and parity indicating that emergency CS in firstborn infants was associated with more difficult temperament at 6 weeks. There were no significant associations between indications for CS and infant temperament, although breech presentation predicted difficult temperament at 9 months. Conclusion We largely failed to support the association between CS and infant temperament. Although our results suggest that emergency CS may be associated with temperament in firstborns, further research is needed to replicate this finding, preferably using observational measures to assess child temperament.
Psychometric Properties of a Self-Report Instrument for the Assessment of Tic Severity in Adults With Tic Disorders
Date: 2014-11-26
Creator: Amitai Abramovitch
Hannah Reese
Douglas W. Woods
Alan Peterson
Thilo, Deckersbach
John Piacentini
Lawrence Scahill
Sabine Wilhelm
Access: Open access
- The gold-standard measure of tic severity in tic disorders (TD), the Yale Global Tic Severity Scale (YGTSS), is a semistructured clinician-administered interview that can be time consuming and requires highly trained interviewers. Moreover, the YGTSS does not provide information regarding frequency and intensity of specific tics because all motor and all vocal tics are rated as a group. The aim of the present study is to describe and test the Adult Tic Questionnaire (ATQ), a measure for the assessment of tic severity in adults, and to report its preliminary psychometric properties. The ATQ is a brief self-report questionnaire that provides information regarding frequency, intensity, and severity of 27 specific tics. In addition, the ATQ produces total frequency, intensity, and severity scores for vocal and motor tics, as well as a global total tic severity score. Results showed that the ATQ demonstrated very good internal consistency and temporal stability. The total, vocal, and motor tic severity scales of the ATQ showed strong correlation with corresponding subscales of the YGTSS, indicating strong convergent validity. Weak correlations with measures of severity of obsessive-compulsive disorder and attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder, indicated strong discriminant validity. The ATQ, a promising measure for the assessment of tic severity in adults with TD, may be a valuable supplement to the current recommended assessment battery for TD. Furthermore, the ATQ enables clinicians and researchers to track changes in the frequency and intensity of specific tics, which is important given their complex and dynamic nature.
Quantification of dendritic and axonal growth after injury to the auditory system of the adult cricket gryllus bimaculatus
Date: 2013-09-27
Creator: Alexandra Pfister
Amy Johnson
Olaf Ellers
Hadley W. Horch
Access: Open access
- Dendrite and axon growth and branching during development are regulated by a complex set of intracellular and external signals. However, the cues that maintain or influence adult neuronal morphology are less well understood. Injury and deafferentation tend to have negative effects on adult nervous systems. An interesting example of injury-induced compensatory growth is seen in the cricket, Gryllus bimaculatus. After unilateral loss of an ear in the adult cricket, auditory neurons within the central nervous system (CNS) sprout to compensate for the injury. Specifically, after being deafferented, ascending neurons (AN-1 and AN-2) send dendrites across the midline of the prothoracic ganglion where they receive input from auditory afferents that project through the contralateral auditory nerve (N5). Deafferentation also triggers contralateral N5 axonal growth. In this study, we quantified AN dendritic and N5 axonal growth at 30 h, as well as at 3, 5, 7, 14, and 20 days after deafferentation in adult crickets. Significant differences in the rates of dendritic growth between males and females were noted. In females, dendritic growth rates were non-linear; a rapid burst of dendritic extension in the first few days was followed by a plateau reached at 3 days after deafferentation. In males, however, dendritic growth rates were linear, with dendrites growing steadily over time and reaching lengths, on average, twice as long as in females. On the other hand, rates of N5 axonal growth showed no significant sexual dimorphism and were linear. Within each animal, the growth rates of dendrites and axons were not correlated, indicating that independent factors likely influence dendritic and axonal growth in response to injury in this system. Our findings provide a basis for future study of the cellular features that allow differing dendrite and axon growth patterns as well as sexually dimorphic dendritic growth in response to deafferentation. © 2013 Pfister, Johnson, Ellers and Horch.
Field information links permafrost carbon to physical vulnerabilities of thawing
Date: 2012-08-16
Creator: Jennifer W. Harden
Charles D. Koven
Chien Lu Ping
Gustaf Hugelius
A., David McGuire
Phillip Camill
Torre Jorgenson
Peter Kuhry
Gary J. Michaelson
Jonathan A. O'Donnell
Edward A.G. Schuur
Charles Tarnocai
Kristopher Johnson
Guido Grosse
Access: Open access
- Deep soil profiles containing permafrost (Gelisols) were characterized for organic carbon (C) and total nitrogen (N) stocks to 3m depths. Using the Community Climate System Model (CCSM4) we calculate cumulative distributions of active layer thickness (ALT) under current and future climates. The difference in cumulative ALT distributions over time was multiplied by C and N contents of soil horizons in Gelisol suborders to calculate newly thawed C and N. Thawing ranged from 147 PgC with 10 PgN by 2050 (representative concentration pathway RCP scenario 4.5) to 436 PgC with 29 PgN by 2100 (RCP 8.5). Organic horizons that thaw are vulnerable to combustion, and all horizon types are vulnerable to shifts in hydrology and decomposition. The rates and extent of such losses are unknown and can be further constrained by linking field and modelling approaches. These changes have the potential for strong additional loading to our atmosphere, water resources, and ecosystems. © 2012. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved.
Study of D0 decays into final states with a 0 or
Date: 1991-01-01
Creator: K. Kinoshita
F. M. Pipkin
M. Procario
Richard Wilson
J., Wolinski
D. Xiao
Y. Zhu
R. Ammar
P. Baringer
D. Coppage
R. Davis
P. Haas
M. Kelly
N. Kwak
Ha Lam
S. Ro
Y. Kubota
J. K. Nelson
D. Perticone
R. Poling
S. Schrenk
G. Crawford
R. Fulton
T. Jensen
D. R. Johnson
H. Kagan
R. Kass
R. Malchow
F. Morrow
J. Whitmore
P. Wilson
Access: Open access
- We have made measurements of decay modes of neutral D mesons into exclusive final states containing photons using data collected with the CLEO detector at the Cornell Electron Storage Ring. We report observation of D0'K-+-+0 (charge conjugates are implicit), and present new measurements of the branching ratios for D0'K-+0, D0'K0+0-, D0'K00, K*0, and D0'K0. Where possible, results are compared with theoretical predictions for two-body D0 decays. © 1991 The American Physical Society.
Unusual decay modes of D0 and D+ mesons
Date: 1991-01-01
Creator: R. Ammar
P. Baringer
D. Coppage
R. Davis
P., Haas
M. Kelly
N. Kwak
H. Lam
S. Ro
Y. Kubota
J. K. Nelson
D. Perticone
R. Poling
S. Schrenk
G. Crawford
R. Fulton
T. Jensen
D. Johnson
H. Kagan
R. Kass
R. Malchow
F. Marrow
J. Whitmore
P. Wilson
D. Bortoletto
D. N. Brown
J. Dominick
R. L. McIlwain
D. H. Miller
M. Modesitt
C. R. Ng
Access: Open access
- CLEO has measured decay modes of the D0 and D+ into final states consisting of K's, s, K0's and 0's, using data taken with the CLEO detector at the Cornell Electron Storage Ring. We report new results on the decays of D0's into 4, K-K+-+, 0K+K-, 0K+-, K0K-+, 3KS0 and 0 together with some of their resonant substructure. We also present the first observation of the decay D00K+ and give limits on the doubly-Cabibbo-suppressed decays of the D0 into K+- and K+-+-. © 1991 The American Physical Society.
Exclusive and inclusive semileptonic decays of B mesons to D mesons
Date: 1991-01-01
Creator: R. Fulton
T. Jensen
D. R. Johnson
H. Kagan
R., Kass
F. Morrow
J. Whitmore
P. Wilson
D. Bortoletto
W. Y. Chen
J. Dominick
R. L. McIlwain
D. H. Miller
C. R. Ng
S. F. Schaffner
E. I. Shibata
I. P.J. Shipsey
W. M. Yao
M. Battle
K. Sparks
E. H. Thorndike
C. H. Wang
M. S. Alam
I. J. Kim
W. C. Li
V. Romero
C. R. Sun
P. N. Wang
M. M. Zoeller
M. Goldberg
T. Haupt
Access: Open access
- We report new measurements of the branching fractions B. Combining these results with our previous measurement of BD*+l we find that the ratio of semileptonic widths for final states with a vector meson and pseudoscalar meson is (2.6-0.6-0.8+1.1+1.0) and the ratio of charged- to neutral-B-meson lifetimes is (0.89±0.19±0.13)(f00f+-) where (f00f+-) is the ratio of neutral- to charged-B-meson production at the branching fraction, we calculate |Vcb|=0.040±0.006±0.006, where the first error is statistical and the second is systematic and dominated by the uncertainty in the B-meson lifetime. © 1991 The American Physical Society.
Can AFLP genome scans detect small islands of differentiation? The case of shell sculpture variation in the periwinkle Echinolittorina hawaiiensis
Date: 2011-08-01
Creator: Kimberly A. Tice
D. B. Carlon
Access: Open access
- Genome scans have identified candidate regions of the genome undergoing selection in a wide variety of organisms, yet have rarely been applied to broadly dispersing marine organisms experiencing divergent selection pressures, where high recombination rates can reduce the extent of linkage disequilibrium (LD) and the ability to detect genomic regions under selection. The broadly dispersing periwinkle Echinolittorina hawaiiensis exhibits a heritable shell sculpture polymorphism that is correlated with environmental variation. To elucidate the genetic basis of phenotypic variation, a genome scan using over 1000 AFLP loci was conducted on smooth and sculptured snails from divergent habitats at four replicate sites. Approximately 5% of loci were identified as outliers with Dfdist, whereas no outliers were identified by BayeScan. Closer examination of the Dfdist outliers supported the conclusion that these loci were false positives. These results highlight the importance of controlling for Type I error using multiple outlier detection approaches, multitest corrections and replicate population comparisons. Assuming shell phenotypes have a genetic basis, our failure to detect outliers suggests that the life history of the target species needs to be considered when designing a genome scan. © 2011 The Authors. Journal of Evolutionary Biology © 2011 European Society For Evolutionary Biology.
Schwarzschild-de Sitter spacetimes, McVittie coordinates, and trumpet geometries
Date: 2017-12-15
Creator: Kenneth A. Dennison
Thomas W. Baumgarte
Access: Open access
- Trumpet geometries play an important role in numerical simulations of black hole spacetimes, which are usually performed under the assumption of asymptotic flatness. Our Universe is not asymptotically flat, however, which has motivated numerical studies of black holes in asymptotically de Sitter spacetimes. We derive analytical expressions for trumpet geometries in Schwarzschild-de Sitter spacetimes by first generalizing the static maximal trumpet slicing of the Schwarzschild spacetime to static constant mean curvature trumpet slicings of Schwarzschild-de Sitter spacetimes. We then switch to a comoving isotropic radial coordinate which results in a coordinate system analogous to McVittie coordinates. At large distances from the black hole the resulting metric asymptotes to a Friedmann-Lemaître-Robertson-Walker metric with an exponentially-expanding scale factor. While McVittie coordinates have another asymptotically de Sitter end as the radial coordinate goes to zero, so that they generalize the notion of a "wormhole" geometry, our new coordinates approach a horizon-penetrating trumpet geometry in the same limit. Our analytical expressions clarify the role of time-dependence, boundary conditions and coordinate conditions for trumpet slices in a cosmological context, and provide a useful test for black hole simulations in asymptotically de Sitter spacetimes.
Captured segment exchange: A strategy for custom engineering large genomic regions in Drosophila melanogaster
Date: 2013-04-24
Creator: Jack R. Bateman
Michael F. Palopoli
Sarah T. Dale
Jennifer E. Stauffer
Anita L., Shah
Justine E. Johnson
Conor W. Walsh
Hanna Flaten
Christine M. Parsons
Access: Open access
- Site-specific recombinases (SSRs) are valuable tools for manipulating genomes. In Drosophila, thousands of transgenic insertions carrying SSR recognition sites have been distributed throughout the genome by several large-scale projects. Here we describe a method with the potential to use these insertions to make custom alterations to the Drosophila genome in vivo. Specifically, by employing recombineering techniques and a dual recombinase-mediated cassette exchange strategy based on the phiC31 integrase and FLP recombinase, we show that a large genomic segment that lies between two SSR recognition-site insertions can be "captured" as a target cassette and exchanged for a sequence that was engineered in bacterial cells. We demonstrate this approach by targeting a 50-kb segment spanning the tsh gene, replacing the existing segment with corresponding recombineered sequences through simple and efficient manipulations. Given the high density of SSR recognition-site insertions in Drosophila, our method affords a straightforward and highly efficient approach to explore gene function in situ for a substantial portion of the Drosophila genome. © 2013 by the Genetics Society of America.